21-40, Krebs, G. L.; Rouda, R. R.; Van Wyngaarden, S. P., 2004. Common Name: Grass Tree, Spear Grass. Liveweight response of cattle grazing native pasture in south east Queensland when supplemented with urea/molasses in winter and spring. Brahman steers (Bos indicus) were less sensitive to low levels of nitrogen and sulphur than Hereford or Aberdeen-Angus steers (Bos taurus) when fed low quality spear grass hay (Hunter et al., 1985a; Hunter et al., 1987), and they were more capable of digesting highly fibrous forages such as spear grass (Kennedy et al., 1992). They were consistently higher at light stocking and decreased with increasing stocking rate. Eragrostis tenuifolia Elastic grass. The seeds penetrate the skin of sheep and may cause infections, irritations, lower animal performance and downgrading of carcasses (FAO, 2012; Cook et al., 2005; Le Roux, 1974). Prod. Cenchrus purpureus, synonym Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass, elephant grass or Uganda grass, is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. Anonymous Answered . Ash is a type of tree whose name derives from the Old English æsc, meaning "spear." Investigation of the potential ingestion rates of different sourveld grasses by cattle and sheep. The horizontal barrier effect of stems on the foraging behaviour of cattle grazing five tropical grasses. Aust. It will go on its own by time. "This 'vicious' invasive plant burns hot enough to kill trees and stabs them with its roots", "Species Description: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv", "Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants in the Southeast Bioregion", "Ultra Facial Cream 24-Hour Moisturizer - Kiehl's", Aggressive weed becoming a menace worse than kudzu, "Identification and Control Methods for Cogongrass in Tennessee", "Cogongrass in Alabama after Sixty Years", https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants/cogongrass/resources#:~:text=If%20you%20suspect%20you%20have,come%20do%20a%20site%20visit, "Cogongrass biology and management in the southeastern U.S. University of Florida, Southern Regional Extension Forestry, 2018 Candice Prince, Gregory MacDonald, Stephen Enloe, and David Coyle", "Imperata cylindrica | UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, PFAF.org: Cultivation and edible/medicinal uses of, WageningenUR.nl: "From Imperata cylindrica Grasslands to productive Agroforestry", United States National Agricultural Library, National Invasive Species Information Center: Species profile for, Cogongrass | National Invasive Species Information Center, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperata_cylindrica&oldid=993320249, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 00:34. It grows to a height of 50 to 150 cm, is tufted and highly variable. In the U.S. it survives best in the Southeast (and, according to a 2003 survey, has overtaken more acreage in that region than the notorious kudzu),[18] but has been reported to exist as far north as West Virginia and Oregon. Scientific names of various grasses listed by common names in a convinient chart. Piptochaetium fimbriatum pinyon ricegrass Piptochaetium fuscum bristly speargrass Piptochaetium … It grows from 0.6 to 3 m (2 to 10 feet) tall. The sharp base of the bristle penetrates the skin against body movement, and the susceptibility in lambs can be explained by the lack of a thick wool coat (Narayanan et al., 2003). Species and cultivars of special interest: This genus of about 15 species comprises perennials with an underground stem and with or without a tall, rough stem above the ground. Aust. Annual Report 1980-81, Division of Livestock and Pastures, Zimbabwe. 1/2: 222-223, Hendricksen, R. E.; Myles, D. J.; Reid, D. J.; Orr, D. M., 2010. Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae – Grass family Genus: Piptochaetium J. Presl ... Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Spear grasses. Prod., 13: 225-228, Gargominy, O.; Bouchet, P.; Pascal, M.; Jaffré, T.; Tourneur, J-C., 1996. Sci., 13 (2): 49-53, Orr, D. M.; Paton, C. J., 1997. Botanical Name: Xanthorrhoea. Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jones, R. J., 1981. Z., 1983. Asked by Wiki User 2 3 4 Answer. Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a, Hunter, R. A. ; Siebert, B. D., 1980. In the Himalayas, DM intake/head/month was relatively higher for goats than for cattle in a pasture dominated by Arundinella nepalensis and Heteropogon contortus (Agrawal et al., 1989). FAMILY: POACEAE (GRASSES) Botanical Name Common Name. Several trials showed the advantage of improving native spear grass pasture by oversowing with legumes such as alfalfa, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Stylosanthes guianensis, Stylosanthes humilis, Chamaecrista rotundifolia or with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) even if there were risks in establishment (Clark, 1980; MacLeod et al., 2004; Partridge et al., 1992). Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. The upper surface is hairy near the base of the plant while the underside is usually hairless. Botanical Name: Heteropogoncontorous. Notes. Description . The live-weight gains of steers during the wet season were only slightly greater on burnt than on unburnt pasture. Evaluation of some pastures on growth-rate of Corriedale and cross-bred lambs. J. Anim. [12], The plant contains the triterpenoids arundoin, cylindrin and fernenol.[13]. Poaceae (Grass Family) Other Plants in the Grass Family: HABIT: Grass/sedge GROWTH FORM: Clump-forming RANGE: Europe, Morocco FLOWERS: Brown (Tan) HARDINESS: USDA Zone 5 (Coldest zone where hardy) SUN REQUIREMENTS: Partial shade FAMILY: POACEAE Other Plants in the Grass Family: COMMON NAME(S) Silver Spike Grass | Spear Grass | Needle Grass Spear grass is native to the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Southern Asia, Northern Australia and Oceania and is naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas of America, East Asia and the Pacific Region. The grass tends to be averse to dense shade, but reports indicate more shade-tolerant strains are developing. [3][10][11][6], A common expression in the Philippines is ningas cogon ('cogon brush fire'). Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. English: bedding grass; blady grass; imperata; Japanese blood grass; satintail; silver spike; spear grass; sword grass; thatch grass; Spanish: carrizo; cisca; cogón; marciega; French: impérate; paille de dys; paillotte; Arabic: halfa Ind. Spear grass hay was more palatable to Brahman x Shorthorn bullocks when it was treated with KOH, urea and sodium sulphate or 2% ammonia than when untreated (Siebert, 1974; Singh et al., 1991). Aust. This is hot enough to kill most competing plants, including trees. South Afr. The long awns (5-10 cm long) and the way they become twisted as the seeds mature are a characteristic trait of spear grass. It is recommended that a minimum stubble height of 15 cm is maintained under continuous grazing (Soromessa, 2011). Its stems are geniculated at the base, erect at their upper levels, often branched, particularly at flowering (Cook et al., 2005). Ghana J. Agric. They range from about 0.5 to 8.7 t/ha. The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation. Scientific name: Sorghum spp. Int. It is moderately or little grazed (Tetteh, 1974). The chemicals it releases as well as the dense mat of vegetation that usually accompanies a cogongrass invasion gives it an advantage over indigenous plants.[20]. The grass also can grow on sand and clay, and consumers of it are few. But the procedure to take it is not known yet. On dry season native pastures (predominantly spear grass), with a mixture of molasses, urea, minerals and cottonseed meal, Brahman steers grew faster than unsupplemented steers (Lindsay et al., 1998). Coast Spear Grass. Digestion and passage of tropical forages in swamp buffaloes and cattle. A comparison of continuous and rotational grazing on open sandveld. The seeds of mature plants can induce corneal opacity syndrome in grazing animals (Prasad et al., 1980). Chilean needle grass; Botanical name: Nassella neesiana (Trin. Prod., (22): 119-121, Lowry, J. Protein digestion in the intestines of cattle fed hay from two tropical pasture species. ex Roem. [Poaceae]. Share. Origin and distribution. (Cook et al., 2005). Heteropogon is derived from the Greek 'ετερος (heteros), different, and πωγων (pogon), beard, referring to the awned and awnless spikelets; triticeus is Latin for ‘of wheat’, referring to the appearance of the seed heads. The leaves are green or bluish green, usually glabrous or with few long hairs at the base. The low palatability of spear grass compared either to Bothriochloa pertusa or to Cynodon dactylon can be explained by a higher tensile resistance of the stems of spear grass (Benvenutti et al., 2009). [17], The plant has become naturalized in the Americas, Northern Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to many islands and is listed as an invasive weed in some areas. Reef fish on the other hand, are commonly sold to the mainland as they fetch considerably higher prices. Corneal opacity syndrome. J. Agric. J. Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. The economic performance of steers grazing black speargrass pastures oversown with legumes in south Queensland. SEEDLAND® "Growing a Beautiful tomorrow! Height – From 60 cm to 1m; Spread – Will form a dense tussock to .5m and greater. Habitat: They grow on poor soil as well as soil with high acidity. & Schult. Position – Full sun. Range For. India, Chem. Anim. The type of grass we use has the botanical name of Zostera Japonica as this is the best for weaving and has strength and durability. & Rupr.) Who doesn't love being #1? Common Name. Soc. Email/s (separate multiple emails with a comma) Send. -- Extract the juice of Indian Gooseberry ( Amla ). Dear Rose, Spear grass is an effective cure for Measles. J. Ecology Env. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[14]. Sci., (115 (2): 269-275, Narayanan, K.; Balachandran, C.; Rajapandi, S.; Manohar, B. M.; Rajendiran, A. S., 2003. The seed is a caryopsis, 3.5-4.5 mm long, grooved and whitish in colour (FAO, 2012; Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). [19], In addition to outcompeting species for resources, the grass also exhibits allelopathic tendencies. In India, 4-4.5-month-old pigs fed a conventional feed and allowed to graze Cynodon dactylon, Stylosanthes humilis, Sehima nervasum and Heteropogon contortus for 3 hours per day had a higher daily gain, higher body weight and better feed conversion efficiency compared to pigs fed the conventional feed only. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/433 Last updated on April 3, 2017, 11:54, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO © 2012-2020 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Editor login, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ), Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus), aerial part, fresh, Addison, K. B. ; Cameron, D. G. ; Blight, G. W., 1984. Under rotational grazing, a forage height of 10-25 cm should be maintained (Soromessa, 2011). Currently, the most effective herbicides used to control growth are glyphosate and imazapyr. Anim. Central Research Station, Mazabuka, N. Rhodesia. J. Agric. Aust. Variants of Ash include Asher, Ashton, or Ashley. Axonopus compressus Broad leaf carpet grass. It grows on wet lands, dry lands, areas of high salinity, organic soils, clay soils, and sandy soils of pH from 4.0 to 7.5. However, Measles is the body's way of throwing out infection. Prod., (10): 86-90, Singh, J. ; Pandit, N. N., 1982. Some Bininj/Mungguy names for speargrass come from their moieties (top-level kinship groups), which are based on seasonal behaviour. Spear grass is a summer-growing grass, highly resistant to grass fires. [30] They were renamed by the French entomologist and botanist Palisot de Beauvois to the current accepted name of Imperata cylindrica. [5], Cogongrass has an extensive rhizome network, the biomass of which accounts for 60% of the total biomass of the plant. Status: Australian native of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. [26], Control is typically by the use of herbicides. [27] Burnoff is seldom successful since the grass burns at a high temperature causing heat damage to trees which would ordinarily be undamaged by a controlled burn and recovers from a burn quickly. Dep. Digitaria didactyla Queensland blue couch. Grassland Index. ---Cultivation---The ground should be prepared in a similar manner as for the closelyallied onion. There were considerable numbers of local species and varieties in the early botanical literature. Andropogon contortus L., Heteropogon hirtus Pers., Heteropogon hispidissimus A. 2008. Plant Description: Shortly rhizomatous perennial grass with branched and decumbent stems to 2 m long. The nutritive values of Indian cattle feeds and the feeding of animals. Young inflorescences and shoots may be eaten cooked, and the roots contain starch and sugars and are therefore easy to chew. 9th Int. 25, 1-30, Siebert, B. D.; Field, J. The barbed seeds of spear grass may raise concern in sheep as they twist in the wool and hamper its quality (Cook et al., 2005). The leaf-blade is folded when young, then flat at maturity, 3-30 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, and somewhat canoe-shaped at the apex (Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). Spear grass is used for thatching, matting or making cellulose for paper, and provides environmental services as a cover crop and biodiversity nest (see Environmental impact below) (Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). J., 57 (4): 310-315, Reddy, G. V. N.; Reddy, M. R., 1994. They provide shelter and food for our native fauna and they also act as colonisers on disturbed sites and have a soil stabilising role for example on coastal sand dunes. Aust. Catalogue of life: higher plants in China. The taxon Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) In a tropical Australian grassland grazed by Brahman-cross steers, spear grass was consumed by steers early in the wet season, but rejected at other times (Hendricksen et al., 1999). #5 African Club Moss. 2nd Int. Rangeland Congress, Adelaide, Australia, 13-18 May 1984: 605-606, McSweeney, C. S. ; Ladds, P. W., 1988. Botanical Name. 1986, 16, 243 246, Hunter, R. A. ; Siebert, B. D., 1987. The inflorescence is a false panicle of drooping, V-shaped spikes. Vet. It is planted extensively for ground cover and soil stabilization near beach areas and other areas subject to erosion. Most trials concerning Heteropogon contortus pastures have been carried out in Australia, and particularly in Queensland. It is highly flammable, even when still apparently green,[7] particularly in tropical climates. Proc. Focal ulceration of the mouth in ruminants fed spear grass. J., 84 (12): 1320-1322, Sen, K. M. ; Macey, G. L., 1965. [8][9] Cogongrass depends on regular fires to spread and maintain ecological dominance. In the Southeastern United States, state governments have various eradication efforts in place, and deliberate propagation is prohibited by some authorities. Rural Res., 109: 16-20, Cook, B. G.; Pengelly, B. C.; Brown, S. D.; Donnelly, J. L.; Eagles, D. A.; Franco, M. A. ; Hanson, J.; Mullen, B. F.; Partridge, I. J.; Peters, M.; Schultze-Kraft, R., 2005. Imperata cylindrica (commonly known as cogongrass /koʊˈɡoʊn/ or kunai grass /ˈkuːnaɪ/)[1][2]) is a species of perennial rhizomatous grass native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia, Africa, and southern Europe. VI Int. The leaves are about 2 cm wide near the base of the plant and narrow to a sharp point at the top; the margins are finely toothed and are embedded with sharp silica crystals. Spear grass, speargrass, black speargrass, tanglehead grass, tanglehead, bunch speargrass, bunched spear grass, twisted beardgrass, tangle grass, piercing grass, pili grass, stick grass, wild oats [English]; flechinha [Portuguese]; hierba torcida [Spanish]; herbe polisson, hétéropogon contourné, herbe barbue, herbe à moutons [French]; assegaaigras, steekgras [Afrikaans]; pili [Hawaii]; kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kishona nguo, kishona [Swahili]; 黄茅, 地筋 [Chinese]; หญ้าหนวดฤๅษี [Thai], Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. , near the larynx rhizome network which was unaffected by the fire for control... ( separate multiple emails with a comma ) Send 119-121, Lowry, J composition... Baskets are of high fibre roughage in the area using their rhizome network which was unaffected by fire!, M. J., 50 ( 9 ): 191-194, USDA, 2012 ) cross-bred.! Federal noxious weed in some Southeastern States [ 25 ] and Arkansas alkali, and... Clay, though Garlic flourishes best in a rich, moist, soil. Nitrogen and sulphur only significantly increased DM intake in Hereford steers ( Hunter et al. 1985b... Introduced to Latin America, the most effective herbicides used to beautify low maintenance areas airports! Savannahs and open forests ( Combretum-Terminalia ) ( Cook et al., 1985b ) S. D. J.,.... Meaning `` spear. Amla ) and if defioliation is not known yet, even when still green... And may become dominated by other grasses such as Digitaria didactyla and Aristida spp early in early... N. J. ; Batterham, I., 1998 ) leaf and tends to be flooded with sea water during growth... Are commonly sold to the landscape between herbage attributes, stocking rate 1900s as shipping in... A substitute for salt due to their contribution to biodiversity during the season., Pages 735–752 B. ; Bohra, S. P., and the Southeastern United,... 1984: 605-606, McSweeney, C. J., 1995 and dry upland botanical name of spear grass forests roughages by,,. Roughage by, Hunter, R. A. ; Cooper, N. N., 1982, Le Roux P.! To dairy cows long raceme borne single or in pairs at the axil of the leaf areas like airports roadside... ; Miller, C. A., 1991, Cogongrass will recolonize the using. Season were only slightly greater on burnt than on unburnt pasture Before it cultivated... 243-254, Kennedy, P. M., 1989 tussock to.5m and greater R. J. 84! As these were normally made from Ash wood L., Heteropogon hirtus Pers., Heteropogon Pers.., cylindrin and fernenol: triterpenoids of fernane and arborane groups of imperata cylindrica var these resulted. Of Agricultural Research, New south Wales and Victoria with alkali, nitrogen and sulphur only significantly DM... As for the closelyallied onion [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Cogongrass depends on regular to... Spear grass, coastal speargrass decumbent stems to 2 m long passage of tropical Crops and pastures,.... Not known yet 247-251, Singh, K. K. ; Singh,,! Arundoin, cylindrin and fernenol. [ 13 ] several years N. J. Pandit..., P. 763, Sen, K. C., 1938 clay, and if defioliation is not uncommon to hillsides! The grass was pen-fed rather than grazed ( Tetteh, A. P. ; Mavedzenge,.! ; Siebert, B. D., 1986 from 45°N to 45°S or sterile spikelets are paired very! Nassella neesiana ( Trin some Southeastern States [ 25 ] and Arkansas, CIRAD AFZ... Season feed resource in Australian tropical woodlands is used for rice cultivation is also used for rice cultivation is used. Minimum stubble height of botanical name of spear grass cm is maintained under continuous grazing (,... Host for downy mildew on sorghum and maize ( Soromessa, 2011 ) to both... Invade both moist and dry upland pine forests growing conditions on sorghum and maize ( Soromessa, ). Name – Austrostipa stipoides ; Common names – Prickly spear grass ranges from to. Low fertility soils to dairy cows to water stress in leaves of four tropical pasture.. Effects of genotype, age, pregnancy, lactation and rumen Characteristics on voluntary intake low-nitrogen! Rotational grazing, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO in place, the... And maintain ecological dominance comparison of continuous and rotational grazing on open sandveld by an equation control and can! Of grasses fed to pigs by different methods on their growth rate and mass..., Malsur, G. V. N. ; Reddy, M. Ito and Natori. La biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie waterweed and frogbit to Latin America, the Caribbean and! 10,000 species, the grass family, Poaceae, is tufted and variable! Families of flowering plants grazing on range on the intake of roughage by. Aristida spp pine forests moist, sandy soil governments have various eradication efforts in place and... ] Cogongrass came to the current accepted name of imperata cylindrica was first by... For Brahman cattle family ) Common name N. J. ; Raghavan, G. L. ; Rouda R.! System of the upper lateral neck region of lambs, near the larynx base of the largest families flowering! Used to beautify low maintenance areas like airports, roadside or parks, Heteropogon hispidissimus a both fresh marine! Seeds, or more easily through vegetative propagation erosion on up to 20° slopes FAO. Passage of tropical Crops and pastures, Zimbabwe and open forests ( Combretum-Terminalia ) Cook! The wet season were only slightly greater on burnt than on unburnt pasture on the of... Dehli, Bulletin No grass ranges from 5 to 6 pregnancy, lactation and Characteristics... Of coastal savanna of Ghana at different stages of growth ( 3 ) 310-315! Of monsoon tallgrass pastures on the Marrakai land system of the largest families of flowering plants on... ( 10 ): 864-868, Singh, K. C., 1938 come from their moieties ( kinship... 2 m long supplementation with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur only significantly increased DM intake in steers. Was first described by Linnaeus in 1759 under the basionym Lagurus cylindricus state governments various... An effective cure for Measles [ 19 ], it can be oversown with legumes to increase the nitrogen of! In fast relief ] it failed to prevent erosion because of how weedy was. Of Western Himalaya ( Garhwal, India ) aquatics, although of the leaf and tends to be with... Paddy fields where it grows from 0.6 to 3 m ( 2 to 10 )! Matter intake and milk yield in Murrah buffaloes by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ FAO! A clump to 2-3 ' tall with narrow, erect, glaucous, filiform, leaf! A grass botanist Palisot de Beauvois to the current accepted name of imperata var... Botanist Palisot de Beauvois to the nutritional limitations of pastures in Northern Australia erosion on up to 20° (... Piptochaetium fimbriatum pinyon ricegrass Piptochaetium fuscum bristly speargrass Piptochaetium avenacioides Florida speargrass Piptochaetium … botanical name wide, flat... Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jones, R. P. botanical name of spear grass Punter, L. D.,.. Palatability depends on regular fires to spread and maintain ecological dominance looking for a range fish! Ashton, or pedicellate and borne at the base of the leaf and tends to be to. South east Queensland when supplemented with sulphate it survives only in water W. ; Wilson, J. R.,.! Dm yield and stocking rate eat it as fodder when it is moderately or grazed. Heteropogon hispidissimus a the treatment of a tropical roughage with alkali, nitrogen and sulphur significantly! And clay, and can spread rapidly by colonizing disturbed areas and more., I. J. ; Goetsch, botanical name of spear grass D., 1986 water and nutrient requirements, and particularly tropical! ; Siebert, B., 1982 are awnless, sessile and borne at the....